Дур

Дур у музици означава класу музичких лествица чија су оба тетракорда велика тј. једини полустепени им се налазе измећу трећег и четвртог, и између седмог и осмог (првог) тона.^[1] Квинтакорд дурске лествице чине једна велика терца и чиста квинта, у односу на први степен лествице.

Структура

Образац целих и полустепена карактеристичан за дурску скалу

Интервали од тоникске кључне ноте у правцу нагоре до другог, до трећег, до шестог и до седмог степена скале дурске лествице називају се дур.^[2]

Дур лествица је дијатонска лествица. Редослед интервала између нота дурске лествице је:

цело, цело, пола, цело, цело, цело, пола

где „цело“ означава цео тон (црвена крива у облику слова „U” на слици), а „пола“ означава полутон (црвена угаона линија на слици).^[3]

Однос према главним кључевима

Бројеви унутар круга показују број оштрица или равнина у потпису кључа, при чему оштре ноте иду у смеру казаљке на сату, а равне ноте у супротном смеру од казаљке на сату од Ц-дура (који нема оштрина или равнина.) Кружни распоред зависи од енхармонских односа у кругу, који се обично рачуна на шест оштрица или равнина за дурске тонове F♯ = G♭ и D♯ = E♭ за молске тонове.^[4] Седам оштрих тонова или равнина чине дурске тонове (C♯-дур или C♭-дур) који се могу погодније писати са пет равнина или оштрица (као D♭-дур или B-дур).

Шири смисао

Термин „дур лествица“ се користи и у називима неких других лествица чији први, трећи и пети степен чине дурски трозвук.

Хармонијска дурска лествица^[5]^[6] има молску шестину. Од хармонијске молске лествице се разликује само по подизању трећег степена.

Мелодична дурска лествица је комбинована лествица која иде као јонска узлазна и као еолска доминантна силазна. Разликује се од мелодијске молске лествице само по подизању трећег степена до дурске терце.^[7]

Двострука хармонијска дурска лествица^[8] има молску секунду и молску шестину. То је пети мод мађарске молске лествице.

Пример

Це-Дур лествица

Референце

^ Yamaguchi, Masaya (2006). The Complete Thesaurus of Musical Scales (Revised изд.). New York: Masaya Music Services. ISBN 0-9676353-0-6.
^ Benward, Bruce & Saker, Marilyn Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. I. 2003. стр. 52. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0. . Seventh Edition..
^ „Major scale | music”.
^ Drabkin, William (2001). „Circle of Fifths”. Ур.: Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd изд.). London: Macmillan Publishers.
^ Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai (2005). Practical Manual of Harmony. Carl Fischer, LLC. ISBN 978-0-8258-5699-0.
^ Tymoczko, Dmitri (2011). „Chapter 4”. A Geometry of Music. New York: Oxford.
^ „Musicstudents.com - Free Sheet Music and Play-Along Soundfiles”. Архивирано из оригинала 2014-03-11. г. Приступљено 2014-03-13.
^ Stetina, Troy (1999). The Ultimate Scale Book. стр. 59. ISBN 0-7935-9788-9.

Литература

Bower, Michael (2007). „All about Key Signatures”. Modesto, CA: Capistrano School (K–12) website. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 3. 2010. г. Приступљено 17. 3. 2010.
Jones, George Thaddeus (1974). Music Theory: The Fundamental Concepts of Tonal Music Including Notation, Terminology, and Harmony . Barnes & Noble Outline Series 137. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 9780064601375.
Kennedy, Michael (1994). „Key-Signature”. Ур.: Bourne, Joyce. Oxford Dictionary of Music (2nd изд.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-869162-9.
Avison, Charles An Essay on Musical Expression. London: C. 1752. . Davis.
Bent, Ian . Analysis. 1987. ISBN 0-333-41732-1. . The New Grove Handbooks in Music .
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (1989). Claude V. Palisca, ур. Fundamentals of Music (PDF) (Translation of De institutione musica). Превод: Calvin M. Bower. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03943-6 — преко classicalliberalarts.com.
Brandt, Anthony (2007). "Musical Form". Connexions (11 January; accessed 11 September 2011).
Castan, Gerd (2009). "Musical Notation Codes". Music-Notation.info (Accessed 1 May 2010).
Christiani, Adolph Friedrich The Principles of Expression in Pianoforte Playing. New York: Harper. 1885. .& Brothers.
Dahlhaus, Carl (2009). "Harmony". Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root (reviewed 11 December; accessed 30 July 2015).
Darwin, Charles The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. New York: D. 1913. . Appleton and Company.
Davies, Stephen . Musical Meaning and Expression. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0-8014-8151-2. . .
d'Erlanger, Rodolphe (ed. and trans.) (1930–56). La Musique arabe, six volumes. Paris: P. Geuthner.
Dunsby, Jonathan; Stopford, John (1981). „The Case for a Schenkerian Semiotic”. Music Theory Spectrum. 3: 49—53. JSTOR 746133. doi:10.2307/746133.
Ekwueme, Laz E. N. (1974). "Concepts of African Musical Theory". Journal of Black Studies 5, no. 1 (September): 35–64
Forsyth, Cecil . Orchestration. 1935. ISBN 0-486-24383-4. . second edition. New York: Dover Publications. .
Garland, Trudi Hammel, and Charity Vaughan Kahn . Math and Music: Harmonious Connections. Palo Alto: Dale Seymour Publications. 1995. ISBN 978-0-86651-829-1. . .
Gerstner, Karl. 1964. Designing Programmes: Four Essays and an Introduction, with an introduction to the introduction by Paul Gredinger. English version by D. Q. Stephenson. Teufen, Switzerland: Arthur Niggli. Enlarged, new edition 1968.
Ghrab, Anas (2009). "Commentaire anonyme du Kitāb al-Adwār. Édition critique, traduction et présentation des lectures arabes de l'œuvre de Ṣafī al-Dīn al-Urmawī". PhD thesis. Paris: University Paris-Sorbonne.
Grant, M[orag] J[osephine] . Serial Music, Serial Aesthetics: Compositional Theory in Post-War Europe. 2001. ISBN 0-521-80458-2. . Music in the Twentieth Century, Arnold Whittall, general editor. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. .
Green, Douglass M. . Form in Tonal Music. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. 1979. ISBN 0-03-020286-8. .; New York and London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. .
Hartmann, William M. . Signals, Sound, and Sensation. 2005. ISBN 1563962837. . corrected, fifth printing. Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing. Woodbury, New York: American Institute of Physics; New York: Springer. .
Jamini, Deborah Harmony and Composition: Basics to Intermediate. 2005. . with DVD video. Victoria, BC: Trafford. 978-1-4120-3333-6.
{{wikicite|ref=CITEREFKárolyi1965|reference=Károlyi, Otto Introducing Music. 1965. .
Kilmer, Anne D. (1971). "The Discovery of an Ancient Mesopotamian Theory of Music". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 115, no. 2:131–149.
Kilmer, Anne, and Sam Mirelman. n.d. "Mesopotamia. 8. Theory and Practice". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Accessed 13 November 2015.
Kivy, Peter The Fine Art of Repetition: Essays in the Philosophy of Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 1993. .ISBN 978-0-521-43462-1 (cloth & pbk).
Kliewer, Vernon . Gary Wittlich, ур. (1975). „Melody: Linear Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music”. Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music. ISBN 0-13-049346-5. . 270–321. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. .
Kramer, Jonathan D. (1988). The Time of Music: New Meanings, New Temporalities, New Listening Strategies. New York: Schirmer Books.
Kubik, Gerhard . Theory of African Music. 2010. ISBN 0-226-45691-9. . 2 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. .
Kümmel, H. M. (1970). "Zur Stimmung der babylonischen Harfe". Orientalia 39:252–263.
Lam, Joseph S. C. „China, §II, History and Theory”. Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press.
Latham, Alison (ed.) . The Oxford Companion to Music. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 2002. ISBN 0-19-866212-2. . .
Laurie, Timothy (2014). "Music Genre as Method". Cultural Studies Review 20, no. 2:283–292.
Lerdahl, Fred, and Ray Jackendoff . A Generative Theory of Tonal Music. 1985. ISBN 0262260913. . Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Lewin, David Generalized Musical Intervals and Transformations. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1987. .
Linkels, Ad. n.d. „The Real Music of Paradise”. World Music. ISBN 1-85828-636-0. . Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, edited by Simon Broughton and Mark Ellingham, with James McConnachie and Orla Duane, 218–229.: Rough Guides, Penguin Books. .
London, Justin (2004). Hearing in Time: Psychological Aspects of Musical Meter. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516081-9.
London, Justin (n.d.), "Musical Expression and Musical Meaning in Context. ICMPC2000 Proceedings Papers.
Lussy, Mathis Musical Expression: Accents, Nuances, and Tempo, in Vocal and Instrumental Music. 1892. . translated by Miss M. E. von Glehn. Novello, Ewer, and Co.'s Music Primers 25. London: Novello, Ewer and Co.; New York: H. W. Gray
McAdams, Stephen, and Albert Bregman (1979). "Hearing Musical Streams". Computer Music Journal 3, no. 4 (December): 26–43, 60. McAdams, Stephen; Bregman, Albert (1979). „Hearing Musical Streams”. Computer Music Journal. 3 (4): 26—60. JSTOR 4617866.
McCreless, Patrick. n.d. „Society for Music Theory”. Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. .
Malm, William P. . Music Cultures of the Pacific, the Near East, and Asia. 1996. ISBN 0-13-182387-6. . third edition. .
Manik, Liberty Das Arabische Tonsystem im Mittelalter. Leiden: E. 1969. . J. Brill.
Mannell, Robert (n.d). „Spectral Analysis of Sounds”. Macquarie University. Архивирано из оригинала 02. 10. 2009. г. Приступљено 13. 05. 2023.
Meeùs, Nicolas (2015). "Épistémologie d’une musicologie analytique". Musurgia 22, nos. 3–4:97–114.
Meeùs, Nicolas (2017). "Schenker's Inhalt, Schenkerian Semiotics. A Preliminary Study". The Dawn of Music Semiology. Essays in Honor of Jean-Jacques Nattiez, J. Dunsby and J. Goldman ed. Rochester: Rochester University Press:81–96.
Middleton, Richard Studying Popular Music. Milton Keynes and Philadelphia: Open University Press. 1990. . ISBN 978-0335152766 (cloth & pbk).
Middleton, Richard . Bruce Horner and Thomas Swiss, ур. (1999). „Form”. Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture. ISBN 0-631-21263-9. . Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. .
Mirelman, Sam (2010). "A New Fragment of Music Theory from Ancient Iraq". Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 67, no. 1:45–51.
Mirelman, Sam (2013). "Tuning Procedures in Ancient Iraq". Analytical Approaches to World Music 2, no. 2:43–56.
Mitchell, Barry (2008). "An Explanation for the Emergence of Jazz (1956)", Theory of Music (16 January):.
Moore, Allan F. (2001). "Moore, Allan F. (2001). „Categorical Conventions in Music Discourse: Style and Genre”. Music & Letters. 82 (3): 432—442. JSTOR 3526163. doi:10.1093/ml/82.3.432. ". Music & Letters 82, no. 3 (August): 432–442.
Nattiez, Jean-Jacques . Fondements d'une sémiologie de la musique. 1976. ISBN 978-2264000033. . Collection Esthétique. Paris: Union générale d'éditions. .
Nattiez, Jean-JacquesProust as Musician. 1989. . translated by Derrick Puffett. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36349-5.
Nattiez, Jean-Jacques . Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music, translated by Carolyn Abbate of Musicologie generale et semiologie. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1990. ISBN 978-0-691-09136-5. . (cloth); ISBN 978-0-691-02714-2 (pbk).
„theory, n.¹”. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd изд.). Oxford University Press. септембар 2005. (Потребна је претплата или чланска картица јавне библиотеке УК.)
Palisca, Claude V., and Ian D. Bent. n.d. "Theory, Theorists". Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root. Oxford University Press (accessed 17 December 2014).
Purwins, Hendrik (2005). "Profiles of Pitch Classes Circularity of Relative Pitch and Key: Experiments, Models, Computational Music Analysis, and Perspectives". Doktor der Naturwissenschaften diss. Berlin: Technischen Universität Berlin.
Read, Gardner . Music Notation: A Manual of Modern Practice. 1969. ISBN 9780575017580. . second edition. Boston, Allyn and Bacon. Reprinted, London: Gollancz, 1974. . Reprinted, London: Gollancz, 1978. ISBN 978-0575025547. Reprinted, New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1979. ISBN 978-0800854591.
Samson, Jim. "Genre". In Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root. Oxford Music Online. Accessed 4 March 2012
Schenker, Heinrich Free Composition. 1979. . Translated and edited by Ernst Oster. New York and London, Longman.
Schoenberg, Arnold . Structural Functions of Harmony. 1983. ISBN 978-0-571-13000-9. . revised edition with corrections, edited by Leonard Stein. London and Boston: Faber and Faber. .
Scholes, Percy A. (1977). "Form". The Oxford Companion to Music, tenth edition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Service, Jonathan (2013). "Chinese Music Theory". Transmission/Transformation: Sounding China in Enlightenment Europe. Cambridge: Harvard University Department of Music (web, accessed 17 December 2015).
Shiloah, Amnon (1964). La perfection des connaissances musicales: Traduction annotée du traité de musique arabe d'al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad ibn 'Ali al-Kātib École pratique des hautes études. 4e section, Sciences historiques et philologiques, Annuaire 1964–1965 97, no. 1: 451–456.
Smith Brindle, Reginald The New Music: The Avant-Garde Since 1945. 1987. . second edition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-315471-1 (cloth & pbk).
Snarrenberg, Robert . Schenker's Interpretive Practice. 1997. ISBN 0521497264. . Cambridge Studies in Music Theory and Analysis 11. Cambridge University Press. .
Sorantin, Erich The Problem of Musical Expression: A Philosophical and Psychological Study. Nashville: Marshall and Bruce. 1932. .
Stefani, Gino (1973). "Sémiotique en musicologie". Versus 5:20–42.
Stefani, Gino Introduzione alla semiotica della musica. Palermo: Sellerio editore. 1976. .
Stein, Leon (1979). Structure and Style: The Study and Analysis of Musical Forms. Princeton, New Jersey: Summy-Birchard Music. ISBN 978-0-87487-164-7.
Stone, Kurt (1980). Music Notation in the Twentieth Century. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-95053-3.
Tan, Siu-Lan, Pfordresher Peter, and Harré Rom . Psychology of Music: From Sound to Significance. New York: Psychology Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1-84169-868-7. . .
Thompson, William Forde (n.d.). Music, Thought, and Feeling: Understanding the Psychology of Music. ISBN 0-19-537707-9. . second edition. New York: Oxford University Press. .
Touma, Habib Hassan . The Music of the Arabs. 1996. ISBN 0-931340-88-8. . new expanded edition, translated by Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. .
van der Merwe, Peter (1989). Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music . Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-316121-4.
Whittall, Arnold The Cambridge Introduction to Serialism. 2008. . Cambridge Introductions to Music. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86341-4 (cloth & pbk).
Wohl, Gennady. (2005). "Algebra of Tonal Functions", translated by Mykhaylo Khramov. Sonantometry Blogspot (16 June; accessed 31 July 2015).
Wong, Janice (2011). "Visualising Music: The Problems with Genre Classification". Masters of Media blog site (accessed 11 August 2015).
Wright, Owen (2001a). "Munajjim, al- [Yaḥyā ibn]". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan. Reprinted in Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online.
Wright, Owen (2001b). "Arab Music, §1: Art Music, 2. The Early Period (to 900 CE), (iv) Early Theory". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan. Reprinted in Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online.
Wulstan, David (1968). "The Tuning of the Babylonian Harp". Iraq 30: 215–28.
Yeston, Maury (1976). The Stratification of Musical Rhythm. New Haven: Yale University Press.