Флуор
Флуор је хемијски елемент који се у собним условима појављује као гас жуто-зелене боје. Он је најреактивнији од свих елемената. Директно реагује на све метале и неметале. Воду разлаже градећи флуороводоник, HF.
Општа својства | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Име, симбол | флуор, F | |||||||||||||||||
Алотропи | алфа, бета | |||||||||||||||||
Изглед | гас: врло бледо жут течност: светла жута чврст: алфа је непрозиран, бета је прозиран | |||||||||||||||||
У периодноме систему | ||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||
Атомски број (Z) | 9 | |||||||||||||||||
Група, периода | група 17 (халогени), периода 2 | |||||||||||||||||
Блок | p-блок | |||||||||||||||||
Категорија | диатомски неметал | |||||||||||||||||
Рел. ат. маса (Ar) | 18,998403163(6)[1] | |||||||||||||||||
Ел. конфигурација | ||||||||||||||||||
по љускама | 2, 7 | |||||||||||||||||
Физичка својства | ||||||||||||||||||
Тачка топљења | 53,48 K (−219,67 °C, −363,41 °F)[2] | |||||||||||||||||
Тачка кључања | 85,03 K (−188,11 °C, −306,60 °F)[2] | |||||||||||||||||
Густина на СТП (0 °C и 101,325 kPa) | 1,696 g/L[3] | |||||||||||||||||
течно ст., на т.к. | 1,505 g/cm3[4] | |||||||||||||||||
Тројна тачка | 53,48 K, 90 kPa[2] | |||||||||||||||||
Критична тачка | 144,41 K, 5,1724 MPa[2] | |||||||||||||||||
Топлота испаравања | 6,51 kJ/mol[3] | |||||||||||||||||
Мол. топл. капацитет | Cp: 31 J/(mol·K)[4] (на 21,1 °C) Cv: 23 J/(mol·K)[4] (на 21,1 °C) | |||||||||||||||||
Напон паре
| ||||||||||||||||||
Атомска својства | ||||||||||||||||||
Електронегативност | 3,98[5] | |||||||||||||||||
Енергије јонизације | 1: 1681 kJ/mol 2: 3374 kJ/mol 3: 6147 kJ/mol (остале)[6] | |||||||||||||||||
Ковалентни радијус | 64 pm[7] | |||||||||||||||||
Валсов радијус | 135 pm[8] | |||||||||||||||||
Спектралне линије | ||||||||||||||||||
Остало | ||||||||||||||||||
Кристална структура | кубична | |||||||||||||||||
Топл. водљивост | 0,02591 W/(m·K)[9] | |||||||||||||||||
Магнетни распоред | дијамагнетичан (−1,2×10−4)[10][11] | |||||||||||||||||
CAS број | 7782-41-4[5] | |||||||||||||||||
Историја | ||||||||||||||||||
Именовање | по минералу флуориту, који је добио име по латинској речи fluo (тећи, у топљењу) | |||||||||||||||||
Откриће | Андре-Мари Ампер (1810) | |||||||||||||||||
Прва изолација | Анри Моасан[5] (26. јун 1886) | |||||||||||||||||
Именовање и епоним | Хамфри Дејви | |||||||||||||||||
Главни изотопи[12] | ||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||
Реактивност флуора била је дуго година препрека за његово добијање у елементарном стању. Данас се флуор индустријски добија електролизом истопљеног калијум-флуорида на анхидрованом флуороводонику. У природи се флуор налази у виду једињења са оксидационим бројем -1 и то најчешће у виду флуорита, CaF2, и карналита, Na3AlF6. Трагови једињења флуора налазе се у морској води, костима, зубима, крви и млеку. Флуорови деривати метана и етана су веома слаби отрови за разлику од осталих једињења флуора те се због своје велике инертности употребљавају у расхладним уређајима под називом фреон. Флуор се користи и за синтезу уранхексафлуорида који се примењује у изради нуклеарног оружја.
Референце
уреди- ^ Meija, J.; et al. (2016). „Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)”. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265—291. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
- ^ а б в г Haynes 2011, стр. 4.121.
- ^ а б Jaccaud et al. 2000, стр. 382.
- ^ а б в Compressed Gas Association 1999, стр. 365.
- ^ а б в Jaccaud et al. 2000, стр. 381.
- ^ Dean 1999, стр. 4.6.
- ^ Dean 1999, стр. 4.35.
- ^ Matsui 2006, стр. 257.
- ^ Yaws & Braker 2001, стр. 385.
- ^ Mackay, Mackay & Henderson 2002, стр. 72.
- ^ Cheng et al. 1999.
- ^ Chisté & Bé 2011.
Литература
уреди- Agricola, Georgius; Hoover, Herbert Clark; Hoover, Lou Henry (1912). De Re Metallica. London: The Mining Magazine.
- „Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2005. стр. 397—441. doi:10.1002/14356007.
- Air Products and Chemicals (2004). „Safetygram #39 Chlorine Trifluoride” (PDF). Air Products and Chemicals. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 18. 3. 2006. г. Приступљено 16. 2. 2014.
- Alavi, Abbas; Huang, Steve S. (2007). „Positron Emission Tomography in Medicine: An Overview”. Ур.: Hayat, M. A. Cancer Imaging, Volume 1: Lung and Breast Carcinomas. Burlington: Academic Press. стр. 39—44. ISBN 978-0-12-370468-9.
- Ampère, André-Marie (1816). „Suite d'une classification naturelle pour les corps simples”. Annales de chimie et de physique (на језику: француски). 2: 1—5.
- Arana, L. R.; Mas, N.; Schmidt, R.; Franz, A. J.; Schmidt, M. A.; Jensen, K. F. (2007). „Isotropic Etching of Silicon in Fluorine Gas for MEMS Micromachining”. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 17 (2): 384—392. Bibcode:2007JMiMi..17..384A. doi:10.1088/0960-1317/17/2/026.
- Armfield, J. M. (2007). „When Public Action Undermines Public Health: A Critical Examination of Antifluoridationist Literature”. Australia and New Zealand Health Policy. 4: 25. PMC 2222595 . PMID 18067684. doi:10.1186/1743-8462-4-25.
- Asimov, Isaac (1966). The Noble Gases. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-05129-8.
- Atkins, Peter; Jones, Loretta (2007). Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight (4th изд.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-4292-0965-6.
- Aucamp, Pieter J.; Björn, Lars Olof (2010). „Questions and Answers about the Environmental Effects of the Ozone Layer Depletion and Climate Change: 2010 Update” (PDF). United Nations Environmental Programme. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 3. 9. 2013. г. Приступљено 14. 10. 2013.
- Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). „The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties” (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001..
- Augenstein, W. L.; et al. (1991). „Fluoride Ingestion in Children: A Review of 87 cases”. Pediatrics. 88 (5): 907—912. PMID 1945630. Архивирано из оригинала 02. 10. 2010. г. Приступљено 12. 01. 2021.
- Babel, Dietrich; Tressaud, Alain (1985). „Crystal Chemistry of Fluorides”. Ур.: Hagenmuller, Paul. Inorganic Solid Fluorides: Chemistry And Physics. Orlando: Academic Press. стр. 78—203. ISBN 978-0-12-412490-5.
- Baelum, Vibeke; Sheiham, Aubrey; Burt, Brian (2008). „Caries Control for Populations”. Ур.: Fejerskov, Ole; Kidd, Edwina. Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management (2nd изд.). Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard. стр. 505–526. ISBN 978-1-4051-3889-5.
- Baez, Ramon J.; Baez, Martha X.; Marthaler, Thomas M. (2000). „Urinary Fluoride Excretion by Children 4–6 Years Old in a South Texas Community”. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública. 7 (4): 242—248. PMID 10846927. doi:10.1590/S1020-49892000000400005 .
- Banks, R. E. (1986). „Isolation of flourine by Moissan: Setting the scene”. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry. 33 (1–4): 3—26. doi:10.1016/S0022-1139(00)85269-0.
- Barbee, K.; McCormack, K.; Vartanian, V. (2000). „EHS Concerns with Ozonated Water Spray Processing”. Ур.: Mendicino, L. Environmental Issues in the Electronics and Semiconductor Industries. Pennington, NJ: The Electrochemical Society. стр. 108—121. ISBN 978-1-56677-230-3.
- Barrett, C. S.; Meyer, L.; Wasserman, J. (1967). „Argon—Fluorine Phase Diagram”. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 47 (2): 740—743. Bibcode:1967JChPh..47..740B. doi:10.1063/1.1711946.
- Barry, Patrick L.; Phillips, Tony (26. 5. 2006). „Good News and a Puzzle”. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Архивирано из оригинала 27. 05. 2010. г. Приступљено 6. 1. 2012.
- Bartlett, N. (1962). „Xenon Hexafluoroplatinate (V) Xe+[PtF6]−”. Proceedings of the Chemical Society (6): 218. doi:10.1039/PS9620000197.
- Beasley, Michael (август 2002). Guidelines for the safe use of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) (PDF). Wellington: Occupational Safety & Health Service, Department of Labour (New Zealand). ISBN 0-477-03664-3. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 11. 11. 2013. г. Приступљено 11. 11. 2013.
- Beck, Jefferson; Newman, Paul; Schindler, Trent L.; Perkins, Lori (2011). „What Would have Happened to the Ozone Layer if Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had not been Regulated?”. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Архивирано из оригинала 04. 08. 2020. г. Приступљено 15. 10. 2013.
- Becker, S.; Müller, B. G. (1990). „Vanadium Tetrafluoride”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 29 (4): 406—407. doi:10.1002/anie.199004061.
- Bégué, Jean-Pierre; Bonnet-Delpon, Danièle (2008). Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry of Fluorine. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-27830-7.
- Betts, K. S. (2007). „Perfluoroalkyl Acids: What is the Evidence Telling Us?”. Environmental Health Perspectives. 115 (5): A250—A256. PMC 1867999 . PMID 17520044. doi:10.1289/ehp.115-a250.
- Bihary, Z.; Chaban, G. M.; Gerber, R. B. (2002). „Stability of a Chemically Bound Helium Compound in High-pressure Solid Helium”. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 117 (11): 5105—5108. Bibcode:2002JChPh.117.5105B. doi:10.1063/1.1506150.
- Biller, José (2007). Interface of Neurology and Internal Medicine (illustrated изд.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-7906-7.
- Blodgett, D. W.; Suruda, A. J.; Crouch, B. I. (2001). „Fatal Unintentional Occupational Poisonings by Hydrofluoric Acid in the U.S” (PDF). American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 40 (2): 215—220. PMID 11494350. doi:10.1002/ajim.1090. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 17. 7. 2012. г.
- Bombourg, Nicolas (4. 7. 2012). „World Fluorochemicals Market, Freedonia”. Reporterlinker. Приступљено 20. 10. 2013.
- Brantley, L. R. (1949). Squires, Roy; Clarke, Arthur C., ур. „Fluorine”. Pacific Rockets: Journal of the Pacific Rocket Society. South Pasadena: Sawyer Publishing/Pacific Rocket Society Historical Library. 3 (1): 11—18. ISBN 978-0-9794418-5-1.
- Brody, Jane E. (10. 9. 2012). „Popular Antibiotics May Carry Serious Side Effects”. The New York Times Well Blog. Приступљено 18. 10. 2013.
- Brown, Paul L.; Mompean, Federico J.; Perrone, Jane; Illemassène, Myriam (2005). Chemical Thermodynamics of Zirconium. Amsterdam: Elsevier B. V. ISBN 978-0-444-51803-3.
- Burdon, J.; Emson, B.; Edwards, A. J. (1987). „Is Fluorine Gas Really Yellow?”. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry. 34 (3–4): 471—474. doi:10.1016/S0022-1139(00)85188-X.
- Bürgi, H. B. (2000). „Motion and Disorder in Crystal Structure Analysis: Measuring and Distinguishing them”. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry. 51: 275—296. Bibcode:2000ARPC...51..275B. PMID 11031283. doi:10.1146/annurev.physchem.51.1.275.
- Burney, H. (1999). „Past, Present and Future of the Chlor-Alkali Industry”. Ур.: Burney, H. S.; Furuya, N.; Hine, F.; Ota, K.-I. Chlor-Alkali and Chlorate Technology: R. B. MacMullin Memorial Symposium. Pennington: The Electrochemical Society. стр. 105—126. ISBN 1-56677-244-3.
- Bustamante, E.; Pedersen, P. L. (1977). „High Aerobic Glycolysis of Rat Hepatoma Cells in Culture: Role of Mitochondrial Hexokinase”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 74 (9): 3735—3739. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.3735B. PMC 431708 . PMID 198801. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.9.3735.
- Buznik, V. M. (2009). „Fluoropolymer Chemistry in Russia: Current Situation and Prospects”. Russian Journal of General Chemistry. 79 (3): 520—526. S2CID 97518401. doi:10.1134/S1070363209030335.
- Cameron, A. G. W. (1973). „Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System” (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 15 (1): 121—146. Bibcode:1973SSRv...15..121C. S2CID 120201972. doi:10.1007/BF00172440. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2011-10-21. г.
- Carey, Charles W. (2008). African Americans in Science. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-998-6.
- „Fluoropolymers, Organic”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2005. стр. 495—533. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_393.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001). „Recommendations for Using Fluoride to Prevent and Control Dental Caries in the United States”. MMWR Recommendations and Reports. 50 (RR–14): 1—42. PMID 11521913. Приступљено 14. 10. 2013.
- Centers for Disease for Control and Prevention (10. 7. 2013). „Community Water Fluoridation”. Приступљено 25. 10. 2013.
- Chambers, C.; Holliday, A. K. (1975). Modern Inorganic Chemistry: An Intermediate Text (PDF). London: Butterworth & Co. ISBN 978-0-408-70663-6. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 23. 3. 2013. г.
- Chang, Raymond; Goldsby, Kenneth A. (2013). Chemistry (11th изд.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-131787-0.
- Cheng, H.; Fowler, D. E.; Henderson, P. B.; Hobbs, J. P.; Pascolini, M. R. (1999). „On the Magnetic Susceptibility of Fluorine”. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 103 (15): 2861—2866. Bibcode:1999JPCA..103.2861C. doi:10.1021/jp9844720.
- Cheng, K. K.; Chalmers, I.; Sheldon, T. A. (2007). „Adding Fluoride to Water Supplies” (PDF). BMJ. 335 (7622): 699—702. PMC 2001050 . PMID 17916854. doi:10.1136/bmj.39318.562951.BE. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 03. 03. 2016. г. Приступљено 12. 01. 2021.
- Chisté, V.; Bé, M. M. (2011). „F-18” (PDF). Ур.: Bé, M. M.; Coursol, N.; Duchemin, B.; Lagoutine, F.; et al. Table de radionucléides (Извештај). CEA (Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives), LIST, LNE-LNHB (Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 11. 08. 2020. г. Приступљено 15. 6. 2011.
- Christe, Karl O. (1986). „Chemical Synthesis of Elemental Fluorine”. Inorganic Chemistry. 25 (21): 3721—3722. doi:10.1021/ic00241a001.
- Christe Research Group (n.d). „Chemical Synthesis of Elemental Fluorine”. Архивирано из оригинала 4. 3. 2016. г. Приступљено 12. 1. 2013.
- Clark, Jim (2002). „The Acidity of the Hydrogen Halides”. chemguide.co.uk. Приступљено 15. 10. 2013.
- Clayton, Donald (2003). Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos: Hydrogen to Gallium. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82381-4.
- Compressed Gas Association (1999). Handbook of Compressed Gases (4th изд.). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-0-412-78230-5.
- Cordero, B.; Gómez, V.; Platero-Prats, A. E.; Revés, M.; Echeverría, J.; Cremades, E.; Barragán, F.; Alvarez, S. (2008). „Covalent Radii Revisited”. Dalton Transactions (21): 2832—2838. PMID 18478144. doi:10.1039/b801115j.
- Cracher, Connie M. (2012). „Current Concepts in Preventive Dentistry” (PDF). dentalcare.com. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 14. 10. 2013. г. Приступљено 14. 10. 2013.
- Croswell, Ken (септембар 2003). „Fluorine: An element–ary Mystery”. Sky and Telescope. Приступљено 17. 10. 2013.
- Mitchell Crow, James (2011). „First signs of ozone-hole recovery spotted”. Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.293.
- Davis, Nicole. „Better than blood”. Popular Science (November 2006). Архивирано из оригинала 4. 6. 2011. г. Приступљено 20. 10. 2013.
- Davy, Humphry (1813). „Some experiments and observations on the substances produced in different chemical processes on fluor spar”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 103: 263—279. doi:10.1098/rstl.1813.0034 .
- Dean, John A. (1999). Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th изд.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-016190-9.
- DeBergalis, Michael (2004). „Fluoropolymer films in the photovoltaic industry”. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry. 125 (8): 1255—1257. doi:10.1016/j.jfluchem.2004.05.013.
- Directorate-General for the Environment (European Commission) (2007). Trifluralin (PDF) (Извештај). European Commission. Приступљено 14. 10. 2013.
- Drews, T.; Supeł, J.; Hagenbach, A.; Seppelt, K. (2006). „Solid State Molecular Structures of Transition Metal Hexafluorides”. Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (9): 3782—3788. PMID 16634614. doi:10.1021/ic052029f.
- DuPont (2013a). „Freon”. Архивирано из оригинала 21. 02. 2015. г. Приступљено 17. 10. 2013.
- DuPont (2013b). „Understanding the Refrigerant 'R' Nomenclature”. Архивирано из оригинала 03. 10. 2014. г. Приступљено 17. 10. 2013.
- Eaton, Charles (1997). „Figure hfl”. E-Hand.com: The Electronic Textbook of Hand Surgery. The Hand Center (former practice of Dr. Eaton). Приступљено 28. 9. 2013.
- Edwards, Philip Neil (1994). „Use of Fluorine in Chemotherapy”. Ур.: Banks, R. E.; Smart, B. E.; Tatlow, J. C. Organofluorine Chemistry: Principles and Commercial Applications. New York: Plenum Press. стр. 501—542. ISBN 978-0-306-44610-8.
- Einstein, F. W. B.; Rao, P. R.; Trotter, J.; Bartlett, N. (1967). „The Crystal Structure of Gold Trifluoride”. Journal of the Chemical Society A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical. 4: 478—482. doi:10.1039/J19670000478.
- Eisler, Ronald (1995). Sodium Monofluoroacetate (1080) Hazards to Fish, Wildlife and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review (PDF) (Извештај). Patuxent Environmental Science Center (U.S. National Biological Service). Приступљено 5. 6. 2011.
- Ellis, Brian (2001). Scientific Essentialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80094-5.
- El-Kareh, Badih (1994). Fundamentals of Semiconductor Processing Technology. Norwell and Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7923-9534-8.
- El Saadi, M. S.; Hall, A. H.; Hall, P. K.; Riggs, B. S.; Augenstein, W. L.; Rumack, B. H. (1989). „Hydrofluoric Acid Dermal Exposure”. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 31 (3): 243—247. PMID 2741315.
- Emeléus, H. J.; Sharpe, A. G. (1974). Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry. 16. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-057865-1.
- Emeléus, H. J.; Sharpe, A. G. (1983). Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry. 27. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-023627-3.
- Emsley, John (1981). „The Hidden Strength of Hydrogen”. New Scientist. 91 (1264): 291—292.
- Emsley, John (2011). Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements (2nd изд.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.
- Energetics, Inc. (1997). Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Aluminum Industry (PDF) (Извештај). Приступљено 15. 10. 2013.
- Filler, R.; Saha, R. (2009). „Fluorine in Medicinal Chemistry: A Century of Progress and a 60-year Retrospective of Selected Highlights” (PDF). Future Medicinal Chemistry. 1 (5): 777—791. PMID 21426080. doi:10.4155/fmc.09.65. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 22. 10. 2013. г.
- Fischman, Michael L. (2001). „Semiconductor Manufacturing Hazards”. Ур.: Sullivan, John B.; Krieger, Gary R. Clinical Environmental Health and Toxic Exposures (2nd изд.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. стр. 431–465. ISBN 978-0-683-08027-8.
- Forster, P.; Ramaswamy, V.; Artaxo, P.; Berntsen, T.; Betts, R.; Fahey, D. W.; Haywood, J.; Lean, J.; Lowe, D. C.; Myhre, G.; Nganga, J.; Prinn, R.; Raga, G.; Schulz, M.; Van Dorland, R. (2007). „Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing”. Ур.: Solomon, S.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; Marquis, M.; Averyt, K. B.; Tignor, M.; Miller, H. L. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University. стр. 129–234. ISBN 978-0-521-70596-7.
- Fulton, Robert B.; Miller, M. Michael (2006). „Fluorspar”. Ур.: Kogel, Jessica Elzea; Trivedi, Nikhil C.; Barker, James M.; Krukowski, Stanley T. Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses. Littleton: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (U.S.). стр. 461—473. ISBN 978-0-87335-233-8.
- Gabriel, J. L.; Miller Jr, T. F.; Wolfson, M. R.; Shaffer, T. H. (1996). „Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships of Perfluorinated Hetero-Hydrocarbons as Potential Respiratory Media”. ASAIO Journal. 42 (6): 968—973. PMID 8959271. S2CID 31161098. doi:10.1097/00002480-199642060-00009.
- Gains, Paul (18. 10. 1998). „A New Threat in Blood Doping”. The New York Times. Приступљено 18. 10. 2013.
- Gessner, B. D.; Beller, M.; Middaugh, J. P.; Whitford, G. M. (1994). „Acute Fluoride Poisoning from a Public Water System”. New England Journal of Medicine. 330 (2): 95—99. PMID 8259189. doi:10.1056/NEJM199401133300203.
- Giesy, J. P.; Kannan, K. (2002). „Perfluorochemical Surfactants in the Environment”. Environmental Science & Technology. 36 (7): 146A—152A. Bibcode:2002EnST...36..146G. PMID 11999053. doi:10.1021/es022253t .
- Godfrey, S. M.; McAuliffe, C. A.; Mackie, A. G.; Pritchard, R. G. (1998). „Inorganic Derivatives of the Elements”. Ур.: Norman, Nicholas C. Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth. London: Blackie Academic & Professional. стр. 67—158. ISBN 978-0-7514-0389-3.
- Green, S. W.; Slinn, D. S. L.; Simpson, R. N. F.; Woytek, A. J. (1994). „Perfluorocarbon Fluids”. Ур.: Banks, R. E.; Smart, B. E.; Tatlow, J. C. Organofluorine Chemistry: Principles and Applications. New York: Plenum Press. стр. 89—119. ISBN 978-0-306-44610-8.
- Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1998). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd изд.). Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
- Gribble, G. W. (2002). „Naturally Occurring Organofluorines”. Ур.: Neison, A. H. Organofluorines. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. 3N. Berlin: Springer. стр. 121—136. ISBN 3-540-42064-9. doi:10.1007/10721878_5.
- Grot, Walter (2011). Fluorinated Ionomers (2nd изд.). Oxford and Waltham: Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4377-4457-6.
- Hagmann, W. K. (2008). „The Many Roles for Fluorine in Medicinal Chemistry”. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 51 (15): 4359—4369. PMID 18570365. doi:10.1021/jm800219f.
- Harbison, G. S. (2002). „The Electric Dipole Polarity of the Ground and Low-lying Metastable Excited States of NF”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (3): 366—367. PMID 11792193. doi:10.1021/ja0159261.
- Hasegawa, Y.; Otani, R.; Yonezawa, S.; Takashima, M. (2007). „Reaction Between Carbon Dioxide and Elementary Fluorine”. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry. 128 (1): 17—28. doi:10.1016/j.jfluchem.2006.09.002. hdl:10098/1665 .
- Haxel, G. B.; Hedrick, J. B.; Orris, G. J. (2005). Stauffer, P. H.; Hendley II, J. W., ур. Rare Earth Elements—Critical Resources for High Technology, Fact Sheet 087-02 (Извештај). U.S. Geological Survey. Приступљено 31. 1. 2014.
- Haynes, William M., ур. (2011). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd изд.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-5511-9.
- Hoffman, Robert; Nelson, Lewis; Howland, Mary; Lewin, Neal; Flomenbaum, Neal; Goldfrank, Lewis (2007). Goldfrank's Manual of Toxicologic Emergencies. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-144310-4.
- Honeywell (2006). Recommended medical treatment for hydrofluoric acid exposure (PDF). Morristown: Honeywell International. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 8. 10. 2013. г. Приступљено 9. 1. 2014.
- Hoogers, G. (2002). „Fuel Cell Components and Their Impact on Performance”. Ур.: Hoogers, G. Fuel Cell Technology Handbook. Boca Raton: CRC Press. стр. 4—1—4—27. ISBN 0-8493-0877-1.
- Hounshell, David A.; Smith, John Kelly (1988). Science and Corporate Strategy: DuPont R & D, 1902–1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32767-9.
- Hultén, P.; Höjer, J.; Ludwigs, U.; Janson, A. (2004). „Hexafluorine vs. Standard Decontamination to Reduce Systemic Toxicity After Dermal Exposure to Hydrofluoric Acid”. Clinical Toxicology. 42 (4): 355—361. PMID 15461243. S2CID 27090208. doi:10.1081/CLT-120039541.
- ICIS (2. 10. 2006). „Fluorine's Treasure Trove”. Reed Business Information. Приступљено 24. 10. 2013.
- „Fluorine”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2005. стр. 381—395. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_293.
- Johnson, Linda A. (28. 12. 2011). „Against Odds, Lipitor Became World's Top Seller”. The Boston Globe. Приступљено 24. 10. 2013.
- Kacmarek, Robert M.; Wiedemann, Herbert P.; Lavin, Philip T.; Wedel, Mark K.; Tütüncü, Ahmet S.; Slutsky, Arthur S. (2006). „Partial Liquid Ventilation in Adult Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome”. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 173 (8): 882—9. PMID 16254269. doi:10.1164/rccm.200508-1196OC.
- Katakuse, Itsuo; Ichihara, Toshio; Ito, Hiroyuki; Sakurai, Tohru; Matsuo, Takekiyo (1999). „SIMS Experiment”. Ур.: Arai, T.; Mihama, K.; Yamamoto, K.; Sugano, S. Mesoscopic Materials and Clusters: Their Physical and Chemical Properties. Tokyo: Kodansha. стр. 259—273. ISBN 4-06-208635-2.
- Kelly, T. D.; Miller, M. M. (2005). „Historical Fluorspar Statistics”. U.S. Geological Service. Приступљено 10. 2. 2014.
- Keplinger, M. L.; Suissa, L. W. (1968). „Toxicity of Fluorine Short-Term Inhalation”. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 29 (1): 10—18. PMID 5667185. doi:10.1080/00028896809342975.
- Kern, S.; Hayward, J.; Roberts, S.; Richardson, J. W.; Rotella, F. J.; Soderholm, L.; Cort, B.; Tinkle, M.; West, M.; Hoisington, D.; Lander, G. A. (1994). „Temperature Variation of the Structural Parameters in Actinide Tetrafluorides”. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 101 (11): 9333—9337. Bibcode:1994JChPh.101.9333K. doi:10.1063/1.467963.<
- Khriachtchev, L.; Pettersson, M.; Runeberg, N.; Lundell, J.; Räsänen, M. (2000). „A Stable Argon Compound”. Nature. 406 (6798): 874—876. Bibcode:2000Natur.406..874K. PMID 10972285. S2CID 4382128. doi:10.1038/35022551.
- King, D. E.; Malone, R.; Lilley, S. H. (2000). „New Classification and Update on the Quinolone Antibiotics”. American Family Physician. 61 (9): 2741—2748. PMID 10821154. Приступљено 8. 10. 2013.
- Kirsch, Peer (2004). Modern Fluoroorganic Chemistry: Synthesis, Reactivity, Applications. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-30691-6.
- Kissa, Erik (2001). Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellents (2nd изд.). New York: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-0472-8.
- Kuriakose, A. K.; Margrave, J. L. (1965). „Kinetics of the Reactions of Elemental Fluorine. IV. Fluorination of Graphite”. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 69 (8): 2772—2775. doi:10.1021/j100892a049.
- Lagow, R. J. (1970). The Reactions of Elemental Fluorine; A New Approach to Fluorine Chemistry (PDF) (PhD thesis, Rice University, TX). Ann Arbor: UMI.
- Lau, C.; Anitole, K.; Hodes, C.; Lai, D.; Pfahles-Hutchens, A.; Seed, J. (2007). „Perfluoroalkyl Acids: A Review of Monitoring and Toxicological Findings” (PDF). Toxicological Sciences. 99 (2): 366—394. PMID 17519394. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm128.
- Lewars, Errol G. (2008). Modeling Marvels: Computational Anticipation of Novel Molecules. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-6972-7.
- Lide, David R. (2004). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (84th изд.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0566-7.
- Lidin, R.; Molochko, V. A.; Andreeva, L. L. (2000). Химические свойства неорганических веществ [Chemical Properties of Inorganic Substances] (на језику: руски). Moscow: Khimiya. ISBN 5-7245-1163-0.
- Liteplo, R.; Gomes, R.; Howe, P.; Malcolm, H. (2002). Environmental Health Criteria 227 (Fluoride). Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme; International Labour Organization; World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-157227-2. Приступљено 14. 10. 2013.
- Lusty, P. A. J.; Brown, T. J.; Ward, J.; Bloomfield, S. (2008). „The Need for Indigenous Fluorspar Production in England”. British Geological Survey. Приступљено 13. 10. 2013.
- Mackay, Kenneth Malcolm; Mackay, Rosemary Ann; Henderson, W. (2002). Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry (6th изд.). Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. ISBN 0-7487-6420-8.
- Macomber, Roger (1996). Organic chemistry. 1. Sausalito: University Science Books. ISBN 978-0-935702-90-3.
- Marggraf, Andreas Sigismun (1770). „Observation concernant une volatilisation remarquable d'une partie de l'espece de pierre, à laquelle on donne les noms de flosse, flüsse, flus-spaht, et aussi celui d'hesperos; laquelle volatilisation a été effectuée au moyen des acides” [Observation of a remarkable volatilization of part of a type of stone to which one gives the name flosse, flüsse, flus-spaht, as well as that of hesperos; which volatilization was effected by means of acids]. Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres (на језику: француски). XXIV: 3—11.
- Martin, John W., ур. (2007). Concise Encyclopedia of the Structure of Materials. Oxford and Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-045127-5.
- Marya, C. M. (2011). A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. ISBN 978-93-5025-216-1.
- Matsui, M. (2006). „Fluorine-containing Dyes”. Ур.: Kim, Sung-Hoon. Functional dyes. Orlando: Academic Press. стр. 257—266. ISBN 978-0-12-412490-5.
- „Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2005. стр. 609—660. doi:10.1002/14356007.b05_471.
- Meyer, Eugene (1977). Chemistry of Hazardous Materials. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-129239-0.
- Miller, M. Michael (2003a). „Fluorspar” (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook. U.S. Geological Survey. стр. 27.1—27.12.
- Miller, M. Michael (2003b). „Mineral Resource of the Month, Fluorspar” (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. Приступљено 24. 10. 2013.
- Mitchell, E. Siobhan (2004). Antidepressants . New York: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4381-0192-7.
- Moeller, T.; Bailar, J. C.; Kleinberg (1980). Chemistry, with Inorganic Qualitative Analysis (3rd изд.). New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-503350-8.
- Moissan, Henri (1886). „Action d'un courant électrique sur l'acide fluorhydrique anhydre”. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences (на језику: француски). 102: 1543—1544. Приступљено 9. 10. 2013.
- McCoy, M. (2007). „SURVEY Market Challenges Dim the Confidence of the World's Chemical CEOs”. Chemical & Engineering News. 85 (23): 11. doi:10.1021/cen-v085n023.p011a.
- Moore, John W.; Stanitski, Conrad L.; Jurs, Peter C. (2010). Principles of Chemistry: The Molecular Science. Belmont: Brooks/Cole. ISBN 978-0-495-39079-4.
- Morrow, S. I.; Perry, D. D.; Cohen, M. S. (1959). „The Formation of Dinitrogen Tetrafluoride in the Reaction of Fluorine and Ammonia”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81 (23): 6338—6339. doi:10.1021/ja01532a066.
- Müller, Peter (2009). „5.067 Crystal Structure Refinement” (PDF). Cambridge: MIT OpenCourseWare. Приступљено 13. 10. 2013.
- Murphy, C. D.; Schaffrath, C.; O'Hagan, D. (2003). „Fluorinated Natural Products: The Biosynthesis of Fluoroacetate and 4-Fluorothreonine in Streptomyces cattleya”. Chemosphere. 52 (2): 455—461. Bibcode:2003Chmsp..52..455M. PMID 12738270. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00191-7.
- Murthy, C. Parameshwara; Mehdi Ali, S. F.; Ashok, D. (1995). University Chemistry. I. New Delhi: New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-0742-6.
- National Health and Medical Research Council (2007). A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluoridation, Part A: Review of Methodology and Results (PDF). Canberra: Australian Government. ISBN 1-86496-421-9. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 13. 1. 2012. г. Приступљено 8. 10. 2013.
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (1994). „Fluorine”. Documentation for Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs). Приступљено 15. 1. 2014.
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (1994). „Chlorine”. Documentation for Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs). Приступљено 13. 7. 2014.
- National Nuclear Data Center. „NuDat 2.1 Database”. Brookhaven National Laboratory. Приступљено 25. 10. 2013.
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. „UN/NA 1045 (United Nations/North America Fluorine Data Sheet)”. Приступљено 15. 10. 2013.
- Navarrini, Walter; Venturini, Francesco; Tortelli, Vito; Basak, Soubir; Pimparkar, Ketan P.; Adamo, Andrea; Jensen, Klavs F. (2012). „Direct fluorination of carbon monoxide in microreactors”. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry. 142: 19—23. doi:10.1016/j.jfluchem.2012.06.006.
- Nelson, Eugene W. (1947). „'Bad Man' of The Elements”. Popular Mechanics. 88 (2): 106—108, 260.
- Nelson, J. M.; Chiller, T. M.; Powers, J. H.; Angulo, F. J. (2007). „Food Safety: Fluoroquinolone‐ResistantCampylobacterSpecies and the Withdrawal of Fluoroquinolones from Use in Poultry: A Public Health Success Story” (PDF). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 44 (7): 977—980. PMID 17342653. doi:10.1086/512369.
- Nielsen, Forrest H. (2009). „Micronutrients in Parenteral Nutrition: Boron, Silicon, and Fluoride”. Gastroenterology. 137 (5): S55—60. PMID 19874950. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.07.072. Архивирано из оригинала 30. 07. 2020. г. Приступљено 29. 4. 2018.
- Norwood, Charles J.; Fohs, F. Julius (1907). Kentucky Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 9: Fluorspar Deposits of Kentucky. Kentucky Geological Survey.
- Noury, S.; Silvi, B.; Gillespie, R. J. (2002). „Chemical Bonding in Hypervalent Molecules: Is the Octet Rule Relevant?” (PDF). Inorganic Chemistry. 41 (8): 2164—2172. PMID 11952370. doi:10.1021/ic011003v. Приступљено 23. 5. 2012.
- O'Hagan, D. (2008). „Understanding Organofluorine Chemistry. An Introduction to the C–F Bond”. Chemical Society Reviews. 37 (2): 308—319. PMID 18197347. doi:10.1039/b711844a.
- O'Hagan, D.; Schaffrath, C.; Cobb, S. L.; Hamilton, J. T. G.; Murphy, C. D. (2002). „Biochemistry: Biosynthesis of an Organofluorine Molecule”. Nature. 416 (6878): 279. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..279O. PMID 11907567. S2CID 4415511. doi:10.1038/416279a.
- Okada, T.; Xie, G.; Gorseth, O.; Kjelstrup, S.; Nakamura, N.; Arimura, T. (1998). „Ion and Water Transport Characteristics of Nafion Membranes as Electrolytes”. Electrochimica Acta. 43 (24): 3741—3747. doi:10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00132-7.
- Okazoe, T. (2009). „Overview on the History of Organofluorine Chemistry from the Viewpoint of Material Industry”. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B. 85 (8): 276—289. Bibcode:2009PJAB...85..276O. PMC 3621566 . PMID 19838009. doi:10.2183/pjab.85.276.
- Olivares, M.; Uauy, R. (2004). Essential Nutrients in Drinking Water (Draft) (PDF) (Извештај). World Health Organization (WHO). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 19. 10. 2012. г. Приступљено 14. 10. 2013.
- Parente, Luca (2001). „The Development of Synthetic Glucocorticoids”. Ур.: Goulding, Nicolas J.; Flower, Rod J. Glucocorticoids. Basel: Birkhäuser. стр. 35–53. ISBN 978-3-7643-6059-7.
- Partington, J. R. (1923). „The early history of hydrofluoric acid”. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. 67 (6): 73—87.
- Patnaik, Pradyot (2007). A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances (3rd изд.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-71458-3.
- Pauling, Linus (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd изд.). Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0333-0.
- Pauling, L.; Keaveny, I.; Robinson, A. B. (1970). „The Crystal Structure of α-Fluorine”. Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 2 (2): 225—227. Bibcode:1970JSSCh...2..225P. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(70)90074-5.
- Perry, Dale L. (2011). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds (2nd изд.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-1461-1.
- Pitzer, K. S. (1975). „Fluorides of Radon and Element 118”. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (18): 760b—761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760B.
- Pitzer, Kenneth S., ур. (1993). Molecular Structure and Statistical Thermodynamics: Selected Papers of Kenneth S. Pitzer. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. ISBN 978-981-02-1439-5.
- Pizzo, G.; Piscopo, M. R.; Pizzo, I.; Giuliana, G. (2007). „Community Water Fluoridation and Caries Prevention: A Critical Review” (PDF). Clinical Oral Investigations. 11 (3): 189—193. PMID 17333303. S2CID 13189520. doi:10.1007/s00784-007-0111-6.
- Posner, Stefan (2011). „Perfluorinated Compounds: Occurrence and Uses in Products”. Ур.: Knepper, Thomas P.; Large, Frank T. Polyfluorinated Chemicals and Transformation Products. Heidelberg: Springer Science+Business Media. стр. 25—40. ISBN 978-3-642-21871-2.
- Posner, Stefan; et al. (2013). Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances in the Nordic Countries: Use Occurrence and Toxicology. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers. ISBN 978-92-893-2562-2. doi:10.6027/TN2013-542.
- Preskorn, Sheldon H. (1996). Clinical Pharmacology of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Caddo: Professional Communications. ISBN 978-1-884735-08-0.
- Principe, Lawrence M. (2012). The Secrets of Alchemy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-68295-2.
- Proudfoot, A. T.; Bradberry, S. M.; Vale, J. A. (2006). „Sodium Fluoroacetate Poisoning”. Toxicological Reviews. 25 (4): 213—219. PMID 17288493. S2CID 29189551. doi:10.2165/00139709-200625040-00002.
- Pyykkö, Pekka; Atsumi, Michiko (2009). „Molecular Double-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements Li–E112”. Chemistry: A European Journal. 15 (46): 12770—9. PMID 19856342. doi:10.1002/chem.200901472.
- Raghavan, P. S. (1998). Concepts and Problems in Inorganic Chemistry. Delhi: Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-418-5.
- Raj, P. Prithvi; Erdine, Serdar (2012). Pain-Relieving Procedures: The Illustrated Guide. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-67038-5.
- Ramkumar, Jayshree (2012). „Nafion Perfluorosulphonate Membrane: Unique Properties and Various Applications”. Ур.: Banerjee, S.; Tyagi, A. K. Functional Materials: Preparation, Processing and Applications. London and Waltham: Elsevier. стр. 549—578. ISBN 978-0-12-385142-0.
- Reddy, D. (2009). „Neurology of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis”. Neurology India. 57 (1): 7—12. PMID 19305069. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.48793.
- Renda, Agostino; Fenner, Yeshe; Gibson, Brad K.; Karakas, Amanda I.; Lattanzio, John C.; Campbell, Simon; Chieffi, Alessandro; Cunha, Katia; Smith, Verne V. (2004). „On the origin of fluorine in the Milky Way”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 354 (2): 575—580. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.354..575R. S2CID 12330666. arXiv:astro-ph/0410580 . doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08215.x.
- Renner, R. (2006). „The Long and the Short of Perfluorinated Replacements”. Environmental Science & Technology. 40 (1): 12—13. Bibcode:2006EnST...40...12R. PMID 16433328. doi:10.1021/es062612a .
- Rhoades, David Walter (2008). Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy Studies of Nafion (PhD dissertation, University of Southern Mississippi, MS). Ann Arbor: ProQuest. ISBN 978-0-549-78540-8.
- Richter, M.; Hahn, O.; Fuchs, R. (2001). „Purple Fluorite: A Little Known Artists' Pigment and Its Use in Late Gothic and Early Renaissance Painting in Northern Europe”. Studies in Conservation. 46 (1): 1—13. JSTOR 1506878. S2CID 191611885. doi:10.1179/sic.2001.46.1.1.
- Riedel, Sebastian; Kaupp, Martin (2009). „The highest oxidation states of the transition metal elements”. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 253 (5–6): 606—624. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2008.07.014.
- Ripa, L. W. (1993). „A Half-century of Community Water Fluoridation in the United States: Review and Commentary” (PDF). Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 53 (1): 17—44. PMID 8474047. doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1993.tb02666.x. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 4. 3. 2009. г.
- Roblin, I.; Urban, M.; Flicoteau, D.; Martin, C.; Pradeau, D. (2006). „Topical Treatment of Experimental Hydrofluoric Acid Skin Burns by 2.5% Calcium Gluconate”. Journal of Burn Care & Research. 27 (6): 889—894. PMID 17091088. S2CID 3691306. doi:10.1097/01.BCR.0000245767.54278.09.
- Salager, Jean-Louis (2002). Surfactants: Types and Uses (PDF). FIRP Booklet # 300-A. Laboratory of Formulation, Interfaces, Rheology, and Processes, Universidad de los Andes. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 31. 07. 2020. г. Приступљено 13. 10. 2013.
- Sandford, Graham (2000). „Organofluorine Chemistry”. Philosophical Transactions. 358 (1766): 455—471. Bibcode:2000RSPTA.358..455S. S2CID 202574641. doi:10.1098/rsta.2000.0541.
- Sarkar, S. (2008). „Artificial Blood”. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 12 (3): 140—144. PMC 2738310 . PMID 19742251. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.43685.
- Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1771). „Undersŏkning om fluss-spat och dess syra” [Investigation of Fluorite and Its Acid]. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsademiens Handlingar [Proceedings of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science] (на језику: шведски). 32: 129—138.
- Schimmeyer, S. (2002). „The Search for a Blood Substitute”. Illumin. Columbia: University of Southern Carolina. 15 (1). Архивирано из оригинала 2. 10. 2011. г. Приступљено 15. 10. 2013.
- Schlöder, T.; Riedel, S. (2012). „Investigation of Heterodimeric and Homodimeric Radical Cations of the Series: [F2O2]+, [F2Cl2]+, [Cl2O2]+, [F4]+, and [Cl4]+”. RSC Advances. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2 (3): 876—881. doi:10.1039/C1RA00804H.
- Schmedt Auf Der Günne, Jörn; Mangstl, Martin; Kraus, Florian (2012). „Occurrence of Difluorine F2in Nature-In Situ Proof and Quantification by NMR Spectroscopy”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 51 (31): 7847—9. PMID 22763992. doi:10.1002/anie.201203515.
- Schmitz, A.; Kälicke, T.; Willkomm, P.; Grünwald, F.; Kandyba, J.; Schmitt, O. (2000). „Use of Fluorine-18 Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose Positron Emission Tomography in Assessing the Process of Tuberculous Spondylitis” (PDF). Journal of Spinal Disorders. 13 (6): 541—544. PMID 11132989. doi:10.1097/00002517-200012000-00016. Приступљено 8. 10. 2013.
- Schulze-Makuch, D.; Irwin, L. N. (2008). Life in the Universe: Expectations and Constraints (2nd изд.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-76816-6.
- Schwarcz, Joseph A. (2004). The Fly in the Ointment: 70 Fascinating Commentaries on the Science of Everyday Life . Toronto: ECW Press. ISBN 1-55022-621-5.
- Senning, A. (2007). Elsevier's Dictionary of Chemoetymology: The Whies and Whences of Chemical Nomenclature and Terminology. Amsterdam and Oxford: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-52239-9.
- Shaffer, T. H.; Wolfson, M. R.; Clark Jr, L. C. (1992). „Liquid Ventilation”. Pediatric Pulmonology. 14 (2): 102—109. PMID 1437347. doi:10.1002/ppul.1950140208.
- Shin, Richard D.; Silverberg, Mark A. (2013). „Fluoride Toxicity”. Medscape. Приступљено 15. 10. 2013.
- Shriver, Duward; Atkins, Peter (2010). Solutions Manual for Inorganic Chemistry. New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-4292-5255-3.
- Shulman, J. D.; Wells, L. M. (1997). „Acute Fluoride Toxicity from Ingesting Home-use Dental Products in Children, Birth to 6 Years of Age”. Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 57 (3): 150—158. PMID 9383753. doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1997.tb02966.x.
- „Fluorine Compounds, Organic”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 15. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2005. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_349.
- Slye, Orville M. (2012). „Fire Extinguishing Agents”. Ур.: Ullmann, Franz. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 15. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. стр. 1—11. ISBN 978-3527306732. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_113.pub2.
- Steenland, K.; Fletcher, T.; Savitz, D. A. (2010). „Epidemiologic Evidence on the Health Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)”. Environmental Health Perspectives. 118 (8): 1100—1108. PMC 2920088 . PMID 20423814. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901827.
- Stillman, John Maxson (децембар 1912). „Basil Valentine, A Seventeenth Century Hoax”. Popular Science Monthly. 81. Приступљено 14. 10. 2013.
- Storer, Frank H. (1864). First Outlines of a Dictionary of Solubilities of Chemical Substances. Cambridge: Sever and Francis.
- Swinson, Joel (јун 2005). „Fluorine – A Vital Element in the Medicine Chest” (PDF). PharmaChem. Pharmaceutical Chemistry: 26—27. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 8. 2. 2012. г. Приступљено 9. 10. 2013.
- Taber, Andrew (22. 4. 1999). „Dying to ride”. Salon. Приступљено 18. 10. 2013.
- Tanner Industries (јануар 2011). „Anhydrous Ammonia: (MSDS) Material Safety Data Sheet”. tannerind.com. Приступљено 24. 10. 2013.
- Theodoridis, George (2006). „Fluorine-Containing Agrochemicals: An Overview of Recent Developments”. Ур.: Tressaud, Alain. Fluorine and the Environment : Agrochemicals, Archaeology, Green Chemistry & Water. Amsterdam and Oxford: Elsevier. стр. 121–176. ISBN 978-0-444-52672-4.
- Toon, Richard (1. 9. 2011). „The discovery of fluorine”. Education in Chemistry. св. 48 бр. 5. Royal Society of Chemistry. стр. 148—151. ISSN 0013-1350.
- Transparency Market Research (17. 5. 2013). „Fluorochemicals Market is Expected to Reach USD 21.5 Billion Globally by 2018: Transparency Market Research”. Transparency Market Research Blog. Архивирано из оригинала 22. 2. 2014. г. Приступљено 15. 10. 2013.
- Ullmann, Fritz (2008). Ullmann's Fibers (2 volumes). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-31772-1.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (1996). „R.E.D. Facts: Trifluralin” (PDF). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 18. 10. 2013. г. Приступљено 17. 10. 2013.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (2012). „Emerging Contaminants – Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)” (PDF). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 29. 10. 2013. г. Приступљено 4. 11. 2013.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (2013a). „Class I Ozone-depleting Substances”. Архивирано из оригинала 10. 12. 2010. г. Приступљено 15. 10. 2013.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (2013b). „Phaseout of HCFCs (Class II Ozone-Depleting Substances)”. Приступљено 15. 10. 2013.
- Viel, Claude; Goldwhite, Harold (1993). „1906 Nobel Laureate: Henri Moissan, 1852–1907”. Ур.: Laylin, K. James. Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901–1992. Washington: American Chemical Society; Chemical Heritage Foundation. стр. 35–41. ISBN 978-0-8412-2690-6.
- Vigoureux, P. (1961). „The Gyromagnetic Ratio of the Proton”. Contemporary Physics. 2 (5): 360—366. Bibcode:1961ConPh...2..360V. doi:10.1080/00107516108205282.
- Villalba, Gara; Ayres, Robert U.; Schroder, Hans (2008). „Accounting for Fluorine: Production, Use, and Loss”. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 11: 85—101. doi:10.1162/jiec.2007.1075.
- Walsh, Kenneth A. (2009). Beryllium Chemistry and Processing. Materials Park: ASM International. ISBN 978-0-87170-721-5.
- Walter, P. (2013). „Honeywell Invests $300m in Green Refrigerant”. Chemistry World.
- Weeks, M. E. (1932). „The Discovery of the Elements. XVII. The Halogen Family”. Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (11): 1915—1939. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1915W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1915.
- Werner, N. L.; Hecker, M. T.; Sethi, A. K.; Donskey, C. J. (2011). „Unnecessary use of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics in Hospitalized Patients”. BMC Infectious Diseases. 11: 187—193. PMC 3145580 . PMID 21729289. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-11-187.
- Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9.
- Willey, Ronald R. (2007). Practical Equipment, Materials, and Processes for Optical Thin Films. Charlevoix: Willey Optical. ISBN 978-0-615-14397-2.
- Yaws, Carl L.; Braker, William (2001). „Fluorine”. Matheson Gas Data Book (7th изд.). Parsippany: Matheson Tri-Gas. ISBN 978-0-07-135854-5.
- Yeung, C. A. (2008). „A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluoridation”. Evidence-Based Dentistry. 9 (2): 39—43. PMID 18584000. doi:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400578 .
- Young, David A. (1975). Phase Diagrams of the Elements (PDF) (Извештај). Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Приступљено 10. 6. 2011.
- Zareitalabad, P.; Siemens, J.; Hamer, M.; Amelung, W. (2013). „Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in surface waters, sediments, soils and wastewater – A review on concentrations and distribution coefficients”. Chemosphere. 91 (6): 725—32. Bibcode:2013Chmsp..91..725Z. PMID 23498059. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.024.
- Zorich, Robert (1991). Handbook of Quality Integrated Circuit Manufacturing. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-323-14055-3.
Спољашње везе
уреди- PRWeb (28. 10. 2010). „Global Fluorochemicals Market to Exceed 2.6 Million Tons by 2015, According to a New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc.”. prweb.com. Архивирано из оригинала 31. 07. 2020. г. Приступљено 24. 10. 2013.
- PRWeb (23. 2. 2012). „Global Fluorspar Market to Reach 5.94 Million Metric Tons by 2017, According to New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc.”. prweb.com. Архивирано из оригинала 31. 07. 2020. г. Приступљено 24. 10. 2013.
- PRWeb (7. 4. 2013). „Fluoropolymers Market is Poised to Grow at a CAGR of 6.5% & to Reach $9,446.0 Million by 2016 – New report by MarketsandMarkets”. prweb.com. Архивирано из оригинала 31. 07. 2020. г. Приступљено 24. 10. 2013.